A posteriori registration and subtraction of periapical radiographs for the evaluation of external apical root resorption after orthodontic treatment.

PURPOSE: This study employed a posteriori registration and subtraction of radiographic images to quantify the apical root resorption in maxillary permanent central incisors after orthodontic treatment, and assessed whether the external apical root resorption (EARR) was related to a range of parameters involved in the treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A sample of 79 patients (mean age, 13.5±2.2 years) with no history of trauma or endodontic treatment of the maxillary permanent central incisors was selected. Periapical radiographs taken before and after orthodontic treatment were digitized and imported to the Regeemy software. Based on an analysis of the posttreatment radiographs, the length of the incisors was measured using Image J software. The mean EARR was described in pixels and relative root resorption (%). The patient's age and gender, tooth extraction, use of elastics, and treatment duration were evaluated to identify possible correlations with EARR. RESULTS: The mean EARR observed was 15.44±12.1 pixels (5.1% resorption). No differences in the mean EARR were observed according to patient characteristics (gender, age) or treatment parameters (use of elastics, treatment duration). The only parameter that influenced the mean EARR of a patient was the need for tooth extraction. CONCLUSION: A posteriori registration and subtraction of periapical radiographs was a suitable method to quantify EARR after orthodontic treatment, and the need for tooth extraction increased the extent of root resorption after orthodontic treatment.

Biocompatibility of four root canal sealers: a histopathological evaluation in rat subcutaneous connective tissue.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the subcutaneous biocompatibility of: Epiphany, AH Plus, Pulp Canal Sealer and Sealapex root canal sealers. Sixty rats were randomly assigned to 4 groups, according to the sealer. Polyethylene tubes containing the tested materials were inserted into the connective tissue. The implants were removed after 7, 15 and 30 days, and the tissue samples were processed, stained and examined by light microscopy. The descriptive analysis considered: thickness of the fibrous capsule, severity of the inflammatory reaction, and presence of giant cells. After 7 days, all sealers induced moderate to severe inflammatory reaction. After 15 days, Epiphany and AH Plus sealers showed a moderate inflammatory reaction, while Pulp Canal Sealer and Sealapex induced severe and mild inflammatory reactions, respectively. After 30 days, mild inflammatory reactions were observed for Epiphany, Sealapex and AH Plus. Sealapex induced the lowest inflammatory response at all evaluation periods, and only Pulp Canal Sealer did not show a decreased in the inflammatory reaction over time.

Biocompatibility of four root canal sealers: a histopathological evaluation in rat subcutaneous connective tissue

The aim of this study was to evaluate the subcutaneous biocompatibility of: Epiphany, AH Plus, Pulp Canal Sealer and Sealapex root canal sealers. Sixty rats were randomly assigned to 4 groups, according to the sealer. Polyethylene tubes containing the tested materials were inserted into the connective tissue. The implants were removed after 7, 15 and 30 days, and the tissue samples were processed, stained and examined by light microscopy. The descriptive analysis considered: thickness of the fibrous capsule, severity of the inflammatory reaction, and presence of giant cells. After 7 days, all sealers induced moderate to severe inflammatory reaction. After 15 days, Epiphany and AH Plus sealers showed a moderate inflammatory reaction, while Pulp Canal Sealer and Sealapex induced severe and mild inflammatory reactions, respectively. After 30 days, mild inflammatory reactions were observed for Epiphany, Sealapex and AH Plus. Sealapex induced the lowest inflammatory response at all evaluation periods, and only Pulp Canal Sealer did not show a decreased in the inflammatory reaction over time.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a biocompatibilidade subcutânea de cimentos endodônticos radiculares: Epiphany, AH Plus, Pulp Canal Sealer e Sealapex. Sessenta ratos foram divididos aleatoriamente em 4 grupos, de acordo com o cimento. Tubos de polietileno contendo os materiais testados foram inseridos no tecido conjuntivo. Os implantes foram removidos após 7, 15 e 30 dias, e as amostras de tecido foram processadas, coradas e examinadas por microscopia de luz. A análise descritiva considerou: espessura da cápsula fibrosa, severidade da reação inflamatória e presença de células gigantes. Após 7 dias, todos os cimentos induziram moderada e severa reação inflamatória. Após 15 dias, os cimentos Epiphany e AH Plus apresentaram uma reação inflamatória moderada, enquanto Pulp Canal Sealer e Sealapex induziram severa e leve reações inflamatórias, respectivamente. Após 30 dias, leve reação inflamatória foi observada para o Epiphany, Sealapex e AH Plus. Sealapex induziu a menor resposta inflamatória em todos os períodos de avaliação, e somente Pulp Canal Sealer não apresentou uma diminuição da reação inflamatória ao longo do tempo.

Caracterização morfológica, funcional e de ocorrência das tonsilas linguais laterais / Morphology characterization, function and occurrence of the lateral lingual tonsils

Propôs-se a caracterização morfológica, funcional e de ocorrência das tonsilas linguais laterais. Compondo o Grupo experimental I, 25 espécimes de línguas humanas foram fixados em solução de formol a dez por cento e assim mantidos até o processamento. Os espécimes foram submetidos à exposição radiográfica para detecção de algum tecido mineralizado. As peças anatômicas foram examinadas a olho nu e com a utilização do estereomicroscópio. Obtiveram-se três blocos de tecido para a análise microscópica de cada espécime: um advindo da tonsila lingual e outros dois das margens laterais da região posterior do terço médio lingual, direito e esquerdo, respectivamente. Após o processamento histotécnico de rotina para coloração em hematoxilina-eosina de Harris, os espécimes foram analisados microscopicamente. Compondo-se o Grupo experimental II, procedeu-se à análise clínica dos tecidos moles bucais de 420 crianças em idade escolar, advindas da rede pública de ensino da cidade de Monte Negro, Estado de Rondônia, com o objetivo de se detectar a presença de tonsilas linguais laterais. Todas as análises, laboratoriais e clínicas, foram realizadas de forma descritiva e os dados obtidos, organizados e demonstrados comparativamente em tabelas e gráficos, com dados de freqüências absolutas e relativas. A análise clínica teve seus dados coletados correlacionados com a utilização do teste do quiquadrado. Aplicou-se a estatística kappa. Ao exame macroscópico: dos 25 espécimes de línguas humanas, nove apresentavam tonsilas linguais laterais (36%); o número de cristas nas papilas folhadas variou de um a seis. Ao microscópio óptico notou-se a presença de 16 espécimes com presença de tonsilas linguais laterais (64%, n=25); epitélio estratificado pavimentoso não queratinizado, com formação de criptas tonsilares e presença subepitelial de folículos linfóides.

Na análise clínica, Grupo experimental II, o percentual de ocorrência de tonsilas linguais laterais (3,09%, n=420) foi proporcionalmente menor do que aquele obtido nos espécimes do Grupo experimental I (36%, n=25). Conclui-se que a ocorrência de tonsilas linguais laterais é maior quando obtida por análise microscópica, em comparação com a análise clínica. A presença e a morfologia das papilas folhadas linguais são inconstantes, quer no mesmo espécime, quer de um espécime para outro e podem mascarar a presença de tonsilas linguais laterais.

This study aimed to characterize the lateral lingual tonsils as to their morphology, function and occurrence. The experimental group I was composed of 25 specimens of human tongues fixated and kept in 10% formalin until processing. The specimens were radiographed for detection of any mineralized tissue. The specimens were examined by naked eye and with aid of a stereomicroscope. Three blocks of tissue were obtained from each specimen for microscopic analysis: one from the lingual tonsil and two from the lateral borders of the posterior region of medium, right and left thirds, respectively. After routine histotechnical processing and staining with Harris hematoxylin and eosin, the specimens were microscopically analyzed. The experimental group II was achieved by clinical analysis of oral soft tissues of 420 schoolchildren attending public schools at the city of Monte Negro, State of Rondônia, to investigate the presence of lateral lingual tonsils. All laboratory and clinical analyses were performed descriptively and data were organized and comparatively demonstrated on tables and graphs, presenting absolute and relative frequencies. The results of clinical analysis were correlated by utilization of the chisquare test. The kappa statistics was applied. Macroscopic examination of 25 specimens of human tongues revealed that nine presented lateral lingual tonsils (36%); the number of crests in each foliate papilla ranged from one to six. At the microscopic analysis of 25 specimens revealed that 16 presented lateral lingual tonsils (64%, n=25); non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium with formation of tonsillar crypts and subepithelial presence of lymphoid follicles. With regard to clinical analysis of experimental group II, the percentage of occurrence of lateral lingual tonsils (3.09%, n=420) was proportionally lower than observed on specimens in experimental group I (36%, n=25).

It was concluded that the occurrence of lateral lingual tonsils is higher when analyzed by microscopic analysis compared to clinical analysis. The presence and morphology of foliate papillae of the tongue are inconstant, both within and between specimens. They can mask lateral lingual tonsils.